Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), commonly referred to as a heart attack, happens when the blood flow to a section of the heart is abruptly cut off, resulting in damage or death to the heart muscle. Typically, this blockage is caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis. When deprived of oxygen, the heart muscle suffers damage, an urgent situation that requires immediate medical attention.
How does AMI occur?
According to Dr. Manjinder Singh Sandhu, Principal Director of Cardiology at Fortis Memorial Research Institute in Gurugram, AMI often occurs due to the rupturing of plaque deposits in the arteries. Plaque, which is made up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances, can rupture and form a blood clot around it, completely blocking blood flow. Occasionally, a heart attack can also result from a spasm in a coronary artery, although this is a rarer occurrence.
Key symptoms
- Chest pain or discomfort: This usually feels like pressure, tightness, or squeezing in the chest and can extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, or back.
- Shortness of breath: You might find it hard to breathe, even while at rest.
- Nausea, sweating, or light-headedness: Some people may feel sick to their stomach, dizzy, or break out in a cold sweat.
- It's vital to understand that not everyone shows the same symptoms. For instance, women might experience subtler signs such as jaw pain, fatigue, or shortness of breath without the classic chest pain.
Risk factors
- High blood pressure: Chronic high blood pressure weakens the artery walls, making them more susceptible to plaque buildup.
- High cholesterol: Elevated levels of LDL cholesterol contribute to the formation of plaques that narrow the arteries.
- Smoking: Smoking greatly impairs blood vessels and speeds up atherosclerosis, dramatically increasing the risk of AMI.
- Diabetes: Diabetic individuals are at higher risk due to damage to blood vessels caused by high blood sugar levels.
- Family history: Genetic predisposition plays a role, especially if close family members have had heart disease.
Prevention and lifestyle changes:
Preventing AMI starts with adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle, says Dr. Sandhu. Consuming a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats while limiting added salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats is crucial. Regular physical activity like walking or cycling also helps maintain a healthy weight, lower blood pressure, and improve cholesterol levels.
Dr. Sandhu stresses that quitting smoking is essential, given its significant role in increasing heart disease risk. Managing stress effectively is equally important, as chronic stress can lead to hypertension and subsequent heart issues. Regular medical check-ups are recommended for those with a family history of heart disease or predisposing conditions like hypertension or diabetes for early diagnosis and management.
